GRANDCHILDREN OF THE BUFFALO SOLDIERS. 

By William S. Yellow Robe, Jr.   Directed by Lou Belamy.  Trinity Repertory Company & Penumbra Theatre Company.  Washington Pavilion, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.  21 October, 2005.

           

            The stage erupts in giddy laughter as Elmo Robe exuberantly dances his family’s fancy dance, the dance of his father. Coached by his brother Craig, Elmo gyrates a playful and parodic hybrid of American Indian and African movements. Through tears of laughter, these two middle-aged brothers, themselves grandchildren of an African American and an American Indian, share the nostalgic blend of cultures gifted to them through their father’s comic dance. In the jarring moment that immediately follows the dance, Craig Robe’s knotted body gestures upward, alone, captured on an otherwise darkened stage in a narrow sliver of light. His contorted posture and vexed facial expression exposes feelings of anguish, regret, and helplessness. The sound of a flute gently scores the image.

           

     Such juxtapositions of humor and pathos fuel the dramatic action of William S. Yellow Robe Jr.’s newest play, Grandchildren of the Buffalo Soldiers. As this joint touring production of Minneapolis’ Penumbra Theatre Company and Providence’s Trinity Repertory Company weaves its way from Midwest to East, it supplies the rare experience of American Indian drama produced with the combined resources of two of the nation’s finest professional theatres. Like its characters, this artistic child of parents from different communities occasionally struggles to find its way; ultimately, Grandchildren fulfills its promise as a culturally important and emotionally wrenching theatrical experience.

           

     No two cultural groups in the United States share a more tragic trajectory than American Indians and African Americans. In his ambitious effort, Yellow Robe addresses both oppressed yet proud cultures as witnessed in a single family, the Robes. Through stories, we learn that the family’s grandfather served as a “buffalo soldier,” a term Indians used to describe African Americans soldiers stationed on the Western frontier. Depending on which version of the story you choose to believe, grandfather either loved and cherished or raped and terrorized his Native wife. Now generations removed, the surviving members of the Robe family struggle to reconcile their mixed identity. Where do they belong? Who do they claim? Does their Indian and African heritage diminish or enhance them?  Yellow Robe explores these questions through the Native dramaturgical conventions of nonlinear time.

           

     The story extends backwards for generations, but the play begins with a contemporary homecoming. Estranged and adrift for years, Craig Robe reappears on the reservation to attend his niece’s naming ceremony. An aggressive man prone to explosions of laughter or violence, Craig struggles to regain the trust of his sister, Sugar, and the affection of his youngest brother, Elmo. But the lion’s share of family conflict arises when Craig collides with his other brother, Brent. While the elder Craig encourages his family to embrace their mixed racial identity, the younger Brent irons his hair and publicly denies his father’s heritage. Both men, proud and stubborn, crash into each other in a complicated battle over blood, family, and what it means to be whole.

           

     American Indian drama sometimes receives dismissive responses from critics who either do not appreciate or cannot understand conventions such as the frequent use of non-linear time and dimensionless stage boundaries. To his credit, Yellow Robe succeeds in making his “Native” dramaturgy an accessible strength of the script. The play’s most poignant and evocative moments occur when characters dive backwards through time via ancestral stories or hold silent dream-like tableaux beyond the earthly barriers of setting. As one of the foremost American Indian playwrights active in today’s theatre, Yellow Robe shows his ownership of these Native drama conventions.

           

     The script misses when Yellow Robe burdens his characters with lofty and overwrought speeches. Playwrights like Tennessee Williams and August Wilson may indulge in similar tactics, but their instincts as poets save them. More frank in style, Yellow Robe does better when he lets his characters explain themselves through subtle understatement. Likewise, the play brims with heavy-handed and often unneeded exposition. In short, Grandchildren is one ruthless edit removed from playwrighting excellence.

           

     Fortunately, Penumbra’s artistic director Lou Bellamy’s skillful staging neutralizes the occasional fit of over-reaching writing. Characters constantly circle one another in brooding sweeps, never far from a hug or a punch. An image-maker, Bellamy repeatedly finds fresh and humorous family vignettes. When characters connect, such as the moment when Craig convinces Elmo that it’s okay for “Indians to hug,” the results are surprisingly touching.

           

     James Craven’s dynamic performance of Craig dominates a competent cast of American Indian actors. Physically perfect for the role, Craven prowls the stage with reckless and exhausting vigor. Lovers of subtly may long for less, but nobody can fail to appreciate the way Craven boldly straps the production to his back. As Craig’s brother-in-law Stevie, M. Cochise Anderson balances Craven’s reckless energy with a calm and friendly humor. As Elmo, freedome bradley brings sweetness and comic zest to the slow-witted yet wise younger brother. George A. Keller’s Sugar supplies a needed bridge between the men in the family. As Brent, Craig’s primary combatant, Jake Hart renders a competent if reserved performance; because of this, Craven often overpowers him in toe-to-toe confrontations.

    

     Scene designer Loy Arcenas conveys the big sky of the Montana reservation setting with a cloudy blue backdrop painted on what could be the side of a barn or the edge of the earth. Michael Wangen’s lighting and Martin Gwinup’s sound adequately enhance key moments in story. And Matthew J. LeFebvre seemingly raided a rural Pamida for his costume design, replete with western shirts and Wrangler jeans. These fitting western styles offer a strong visual contrast to the traditional tribal costume pieces worn for the play’s Pow Wow and naming ceremonies.

           

     A joy of the production, Yellow Robe seasons his script with several colorful expressions that authenticate and celebrate contemporary American Indian culture, including such phrases as “ennit,” “snagging,” “fry-bread,” “AIMster,” “breed,” “skin,” “rez,” “FBI,” “Indian time” and “commodities.” While the contextual meanings of these phrases are best gleaned through seeing the production, an understanding of the Indian meaning of commodities supplies a fitting close to this review. On the reservation, commodities are government issued food staples, such as peanut butter, milk, eggs, preserved meats, etc. Although far from culinary perfection, commodities sustain life. Although a distance from theatrical perfection, Grandchildren of the Buffalo Soldiers offers precious commodities for its multicultural audience. These rare, much needed essentials include a moving and uniquely American story, vivid staging, passionate performances, strong production values, and the uncommon opportunity to witness a fine cast of American Indian actors perform a play written by an American Indian playwright.

 

ROBERT J. HUBBARD

Northwestern College, IA

 

 

As published in:

Hubbard, Robert J. "Grandchildren of the Buffalo Soldiers." Theatre Journal 58 (2006):  345-348.